This course examines the historical, theoretical, and methodological foundations of psychology as a scientific discipline. Moving beyond the descriptions of subfields, the course traces how psychology emerged from philosophy and physiology, how major theoretical systems shaped the discipline, and how empirical studies transformed scientific understanding of mind and behavior. Covering major psychological studies that shaped the current psychological field, students will critically analyze foundational studies while examining the evolution of research methods, ethics, and theory. The course concludes by connecting historical developments to contemporary psychological science.