Oil and gas exploration (conventional and unconventional), seismic imaging, drilling operations, oil characteristics. Oil transportation, refining and oil products. Natural gas chemistry, production and transportation. Unconventional gas resources: Shale gas, tight gas, new drilling and hydro-fracturing techniques. Global oil and gas markets, oil price, crude oil benchmarks. Coal formation, reserves, mining and classification. Coalbed methane (CBM) extraction. Geothermal exploration. Fossil fuels in Türkiye: Turkish petroleum and coal industry. Pipelines. Geothermal, shale gas and CBM potential in Türkiye. Turkish petroleum/mining and geothermal laws summaries.