Segmental descriptions of speech, the vocal mechanism, digital models for speech production, digital waveform coding, time-domain analysis methods, differential, predictive, and adaptive quantization, short-time spectrum analysis, linear prediction analysis (LPC) methods, pitch detection and vocoders, analysis-by-synthesis systems modern coding techniques and standards. Fundamentals vocoders, analysis-by-synthesis systems, modern coding techniques and standards. Fundamentals of speech recognition, dynamic time warping, and Hidden Markov Models (HMM).